- Changes-Significantly-0.mp3
- Changes-Significantly-0.mp4
- Changes-Significantly-I.mp3
- Changes-Significantly-I.mp4
- Changes-Significantly-Prequel.mp3
- Changes-Significantly-Prequel.mp4
- Changes-Significantly-Unplugged-Underground-XIII.mp3
- Changes-Significantly-Unplugged-Underground-XIII.mp4
- Changes-Significantly-intro.mp3
[Intro]
Density changes
(Significantly)
Molecule arranges
(Specifically)
Density increases
(Dramatically)
[Verse 1]
Passing from gas
To liquid
(Getting thicker)
Condensation
Look what you did
Realization
(I’m hitting quicker)
[Chorus]
Density changes
(Significantly)
Molecule arranges
(Specifically)
Density increases
(Dramatically)
[Bridge]
Oh, no! (Density was low)
Oh, my! (Density to high)
Don’t even try (To stop the flow)
[Verse 2]
Scream in vain (at the cloud)
Violent rain (gonna pound)
Scene of pain (scream out loud)
Violent reign (look around)
[Chorus]
Density changes
(Significantly)
Molecule arranges
(Specifically)
Density increases
(Dramatically)
[Bridge]
Oh, no! (Density was low)
Oh, my! (Density to high)
Don’t even try (To stop the flow)
[Chorus]
Density changes
(Significantly)
Molecule arranges
(Specifically)
Density increases
(Dramatically)
[Outro]
Oh, no! (Density was low)
Oh, my! (Density to high)
Don’t even try (To stop the flow)
A SCIENCE NOTE: Violent Rain
What turns rain into ‘violent weather events’ is the application of the drag equation and flow dynamics.
Mass and velocity are just part of the equation; density also plays a key role. The combination of these variables increases the intensity of flow forces. Wind and water forces scale with the square of velocity, meaning that as flow speeds increase — due to more intense heating or heavier rainfall — the damage scales accordingly. According to drag physics, force is proportional to density times the square of velocity.
For example, a 20-mile-an-hour wind exerts four times the force of a 10-mile-an-hour wind, while a 40-mile-an-hour wind exerts 16 times the force of a 10-mile-an-hour wind. At 50 miles an hour, the force is 25 times greater, and at 60 miles an hour, it’s 36 times greater than at 10 miles an hour. Now, add the density factor: water is about 800 times denser than air, so a 10-mile-an-hour water flow exerts 800 times the force of a 10-mile-an-hour wind.
As flow velocities increase due to climate change, the forces — and thus the damage — scale with the square of the velocities.
The density of H2O changes significantly as it transitions between gas, liquid, and solid phases, governed by molecular arrangement and the forces between water molecules.
Phase 1: Gas (Water Vapor)
- Molecular Arrangement: Molecules are far apart and move freely with little interaction.
- Density: Extremely low compared to the other phases, as the molecules occupy a much larger volume.
- Example: At 100°C and 1 atm, water vapor has a density of about 0.6 g / L0.6 \, \text{g/L}.
Phase 2: Liquid
- Molecular Arrangement: Molecules are closely packed but not fixed, allowing them to flow past each other.
- Density: High compared to gas, as the molecules are much closer together.
- At 4°C (the temperature at which liquid water is most dense), its density is approximately 1 g/cm31 \, \text{g/cm}^3.
- As temperature increases or decreases from this point, density slightly decreases due to thermal expansion or molecular structuring.
Phase 3: Solid (Ice)
- Molecular Arrangement: Molecules are arranged in a hexagonal crystalline structure, maintained by hydrogen bonds.
- Density: Lower than liquid water because the crystalline structure creates open spaces, making ice less dense than liquid water.
- Ice has a density of about 0.92 g/cm30.92 \, \text{g/cm}^3, which is why it floats on liquid water.
Summary of Density Changes
- Gas to Liquid: Density increases dramatically as molecules come closer together during condensation.
- Liquid to Solid: Density decreases as water molecules arrange into a hexagonal lattice with open spaces during freezing.
This behavior is unusual compared to most substances, as solids are typically denser than their liquid counterparts. Water’s unique properties result from its hydrogen bonding, which has profound implications for Earth’s climate, ecosystems, and life itself.